services: Move 'session-environment-service-type' to pam.scm.

* gnu/services/base.scm (environment-variables->environment-file)
(session-environment-service-type)
(session-environment-service): Move to...
* gnu/system/pam.scm: ... here.

doc: Use Screen and OpenSSH in the bare-bones example.

* gnu/system/examples/bare-bones.tmpl (packages): Remove TCPDUMP; add
SCREEN and OPENSSH.
* doc/guix.texi (Using the Configuration System): Adjust explanation
accordingly.

install: Include the whole bare-bones OS in the image.

* gnu/system/install.scm (%installation-services): Load
"example/bare-bones.tmpl".  Add a 'gc-root-service-type' instance.

vm: Generate a UUID to identify the root file system.

This makes collisions less likely than when using a label to look up the
partition.  See <https://bugs.gnu.org/27735>.

* gnu/system/vm.scm (operating-system-uuid): New procedure.
(system-disk-image): Define 'root-uuid' and use it for the root file
system.  Pass it to 'iso9660-image' and 'qemu-image'.

vm: Allow users to specify a UUID for the root partition.

* gnu/system/vm.scm (qemu-image): Add #:file-system-uuid parameter; pass
it as the 'uuid' field of the root partition.

uuid: 'uuid' macro supports more UUID types.

* gnu/system/uuid.scm (string->uuid): Turn 'type' into an optional
argument.
(uuid): Add clauses to allow for an optional 'type' parameter.

system: Introduce a disjoint UUID type.

Conceptually a UUID is just a bytevector.  However, there's software out
there such as GRUB that relies on the string representation of different
UUID types (e.g., the string representation of DCE UUIDs differs from
that of ISO-9660 UUIDs, even if they are actually bytevectors of the
same length).  This new <uuid> record type allows us to preserve
information about the type of UUID so we can eventually convert it to a
string using the right representation.

* gnu/system/uuid.scm (<uuid>): New record type.
(bytevector->uuid): New procedure.
(uuid): Return calls to 'make-uuid'.
(uuid->string): Rewrite using 'match-lambda*' to accept a single 'uuid?'
argument.
* gnu/bootloader/grub.scm (grub-root-search): Check for 'uuid?' instead
of 'bytevector?'.
* gnu/system.scm (bootable-kernel-arguments): Check whether ROOT-DEVICE
is 'uuid?'.
(read-boot-parameters): Use 'bytevector->uuid' when the
store device is a bytevector.
(read-boot-parameters-file): Check for 'uuid?' instead of 'bytevector?'.
(device->sexp): New procedure.
(operating-system-boot-parameters-file): Use it for 'root-device' and
'store'.
(operating-system-bootcfg): Remove conditional in definition of
'root-device'.
* gnu/system/file-systems.scm (file-system->spec): Check for 'uuid?' on
DEVICE and take its bytevector.
* gnu/system/mapped-devices.scm (open-luks-device): Likewise.
* gnu/system/vm.scm (iso9660-image): Call 'uuid-bytevector' for the
 #:volume-uuid argument.

file-systems: Introduce (gnu system uuid).

* gnu/build/file-systems.scm (sub-bytevector)
(latin1->string, %fat32-endianness, fat32-uuid->string)
(%iso9660-uuid-rx, string->iso9660-uuid)
(iso9660-uuid->string, %network-byte-order)
(dce-uuid->string, %uuid-rx, string->dce-uuid)
(string->ext2-uuid, string->ext3-uuid, string->ext4-uuid)
(vhashq, %uuid-parsers, %uuid-printers, string->uuid)
(uuid->string): Move to...
* gnu/system/uuid.scm: ... here.  New file.
* gnu/system/file-systems.scm (uuid): Move to the above file.
* gnu/system/vm.scm: Adjust accordingly.
* gnu/local.mk (GNU_SYSTEM_MODULES): Add uuid.scm.

install: Add OpenSSH to the global profile.

Suggested by Jan Nieuwenhuizen.

* gnu/system/install.scm (installation-os)[packages]: Add OPENSSH.

install: Add 'passwd' to $PATH.

Suggested by Jan Nieuwenhuizen.

* gnu/system/install.scm (installation-os)[setuid-programs]: Add 'passwd'.

vm: Call iso9660-image with #:register-closures? as #t.

* gnu/system/vm.scm (system-disk-image): Call iso9660-image with
  #:register-closures? as #t.

vm: Add support for registering closures to iso9660-image.

* gnu/system/vm.scm (iso9660-image): Add support for registering closures.

vm: Remove redundant conditional in system-disk-image.

* gnu/system/vm.scm (system-disk-image): Remove redundant conditional for
  #:file-system-type when calling qemu-image.

gnu: bootloader: Deprecate "device" field in favor of "target".

* gnu/bootloader.scm (<bootloader-configuration>): Deprecate "device" field in
favor of "target" field.  This is mostly a renaming but also a generalization
to support UEFI targets being paths to a mounted partition instead of a device
name.
* gnu/system/examples/bare-bones.tmpl:
* gnu/system/examples/desktop.tmpl:
* gnu/system/examples/lightweight-desktop.tmpl:
* gnu/system/examples/vm-image.tmpl:
* gnu/system/install.scm:
* gnu/tests.scm:
* gnu/tests/install.scm:
* gnu/tests/nfs.scm:
* tests/system.scm: Adapt all invocations of bootloader-configuration.
* guix/scripts/system.scm (perform-action): Rename device argument to
bootloader-target.
(process-action): Adapt caller.
* doc/guix.texi (Proceeding with the Installation):
* doc/guix.texi (Bootloader Configuration): Update documentation.

Merge branch 'master' into core-updates

gnu: grub-efi-bootloader: Specialize grub-install invocation.

* gnu/bootloader/grub.scm (install-grub-efi): Fix grub-install invocation for
  EFI systems.
* gnu/system/examples/bare-bones.tmpl: Use the newer
"bootloader-configuration" syntax.
* gnu/system/examples/desktop.tmpl: Use bootloader-configuration sytax.  Also,
use the same label for the LUKS-mapped device and the root partition.  Remove
unneeded "title" field for the file-system based on LUKS; as noted in the
manual, the "title" field is ignored for mapped devices.
* gnu/system/examples/lightweight-desktop.tmpl: Use bootloader-configuration,
and use grub-efi-bootloader.

Merge branch 'master' into core-updates

vm: Use grub-hybrid's grub-mkrescue.

* gnu/system/vm.scm (system-disk-image): Use grub-hybrid's grub-mkrescue.
* gnu/bootlader/grub.scm (grub-mkrescue-bootloader): New variable.

Merge branch 'master' into core-updates

system: Add 'grep --color' alias in '.bash_profile' skeleton.

* gnu/system/shadow.scm (default-skeletons)[profile]: Add 'grep' alias.