From 9eb722b93f8cc6296d722f68f04e7df86200270d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rutherther <rutherther@ditigal.xyz>
Date: Wed, 1 Oct 2025 17:55:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Initial commit

---
 .envrc                      |   3 +
 .gitignore                  |   1 +
 .project                    |   0
 env/.gitignore              |   1 +
 env/Cargo.lock              | 157 +++++++
 env/Cargo.toml              |   7 +
 env/src/main.rs             | 788 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_1.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_2.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_3.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_1.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_2.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_3.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_3D_1.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_3D_2.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_4D_1.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_4D_2.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_6D_1.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/Bin2Real_6D_2.txt |  35 ++
 env/tests/labs.txt          |  22 +
 env/tests/onemax.txt        |  22 +
 env/tests/rosenbrock.txt    |  32 ++
 env/tests/sphere.txt        |  32 ++
 manifest.scm                |   8 +
 24 files changed, 1493 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .envrc
 create mode 100644 .gitignore
 create mode 100644 .project
 create mode 100644 env/.gitignore
 create mode 100644 env/Cargo.lock
 create mode 100644 env/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 env/src/main.rs
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_1.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_2.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_3.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_1.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_2.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_3.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_3D_1.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_3D_2.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_4D_1.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_4D_2.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_6D_1.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/Bin2Real_6D_2.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/labs.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/onemax.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/rosenbrock.txt
 create mode 100644 env/tests/sphere.txt
 create mode 100644 manifest.scm

diff --git a/.envrc b/.envrc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5dd41d79c2977d29dba6dd66aae50e7063d8b69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.envrc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+use guix
+SHELL=$(guix shell -m manifest.scm bash-minimal -- bash -c 'echo $GUIX_ENVIRONMENT')
+export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$SHELL/lib
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea8c4bf7f35f6f77f75d92ad8ce8349f6e81ddba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/target
diff --git a/.project b/.project
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
diff --git a/env/.gitignore b/env/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1de565933b05f74c75ff9a6520af5f9f8a5a2f1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+target
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/env/Cargo.lock b/env/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35cbef23862a0b740f4c4465d50efb009772ee3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cfg-if"
+version = "1.0.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2fd1289c04a9ea8cb22300a459a72a385d7c73d3259e2ed7dcb2af674838cfa9"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "env"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "getrandom"
+version = "0.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "26145e563e54f2cadc477553f1ec5ee650b00862f0a58bcd12cbdc5f0ea2d2f4"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "r-efi",
+ "wasi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libc"
+version = "0.2.176"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "58f929b4d672ea937a23a1ab494143d968337a5f47e56d0815df1e0890ddf174"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ppv-lite86"
+version = "0.2.21"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "85eae3c4ed2f50dcfe72643da4befc30deadb458a9b590d720cde2f2b1e97da9"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.101"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "89ae43fd86e4158d6db51ad8e2b80f313af9cc74f5c0e03ccb87de09998732de"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
+version = "1.0.41"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ce25767e7b499d1b604768e7cde645d14cc8584231ea6b295e9c9eb22c02e1d1"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "r-efi"
+version = "5.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "69cdb34c158ceb288df11e18b4bd39de994f6657d83847bdffdbd7f346754b0f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand"
+version = "0.9.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6db2770f06117d490610c7488547d543617b21bfa07796d7a12f6f1bd53850d1"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand_chacha",
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_chacha"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
+dependencies = [
+ "ppv-lite86",
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_core"
+version = "0.9.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "99d9a13982dcf210057a8a78572b2217b667c3beacbf3a0d8b454f6f82837d38"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "2.0.106"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ede7c438028d4436d71104916910f5bb611972c5cfd7f89b8300a8186e6fada6"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-ident"
+version = "1.0.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f63a545481291138910575129486daeaf8ac54aee4387fe7906919f7830c7d9d"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasi"
+version = "0.14.7+wasi-0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "883478de20367e224c0090af9cf5f9fa85bed63a95c1abf3afc5c083ebc06e8c"
+dependencies = [
+ "wasip2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasip2"
+version = "1.0.1+wasi-0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0562428422c63773dad2c345a1882263bbf4d65cf3f42e90921f787ef5ad58e7"
+dependencies = [
+ "wit-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen"
+version = "0.46.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f17a85883d4e6d00e8a97c586de764dabcc06133f7f1d55dce5cdc070ad7fe59"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy"
+version = "0.8.27"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0894878a5fa3edfd6da3f88c4805f4c8558e2b996227a3d864f47fe11e38282c"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.8.27"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "88d2b8d9c68ad2b9e4340d7832716a4d21a22a1154777ad56ea55c51a9cf3831"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
diff --git a/env/Cargo.toml b/env/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..253ec3d59cccf8072f5561b625e834771a152833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[package]
+name = "env"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+rand = "0.9.2"
diff --git a/env/src/main.rs b/env/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4559bc54511b9835b1a218a0852a3babddb5c7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+use std::{convert::Infallible, fmt::{Binary, Debug}, fs::File, io::{BufRead, BufReader}, marker::PhantomData, num::ParseFloatError, str::FromStr};
+use rand::Rng;
+
+fn add(a: u16, b: u16) -> u16 {
+    a + b
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+struct BinaryString {
+    vec: Vec<i8>
+}
+
+struct Bounds {
+    min: f64,
+    max: f64,
+}
+
+impl Bounds {
+    pub fn new(min: f64, max: f64) -> Self {
+        Bounds {
+            min,
+            max
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+enum BinaryStringConversionError {
+    DimensionMismatch,
+    NoBounds
+}
+
+impl BinaryString {
+    pub fn new(vec: Vec<i8>) -> BinaryString {
+        BinaryString {
+            vec
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn perturb<TRng>(self: &Self, rng: &mut TRng, p: f64) -> Self
+        where TRng : Rng
+    {
+        BinaryString::new(
+            self.into_iter()
+                .map(|c| if rng.random::<f64>() <= p { 1 - *c } else { *c })
+                .collect::<Vec<i8>>()
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn to_real_internal<'a, T: DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &'a i8>>(vec: T, len: usize, min: f64, max: f64) -> f64
+    {
+        let diff = max - min;
+        let len = len as i32;
+        let max_represent_num = 2f64.powi(len) - 1.0;
+        let represented_num = vec
+            .rev()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(bit, c)| diff * (*c as f64) * 2f64.powi(bit as i32))
+            .sum::<f64>();
+
+        min + (represented_num / max_represent_num)
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_real_single(self: &Self, min: f64, max: f64) -> f64 {
+        BinaryString::to_real_internal(self.vec.iter(), self.vec.len(), min, max)
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_real(self: &Self, bounds: &Vec<Bounds>) -> Result<Vec<f64>, BinaryStringConversionError> {
+        if bounds.len() == 0 {
+            return Err(BinaryStringConversionError::NoBounds);
+        }
+
+        let chunk_size = self.vec.len() / bounds.len();
+        if self.vec.len() % bounds.len() != 0 {
+            return Err(BinaryStringConversionError::DimensionMismatch);
+        }
+
+        Ok(self.vec.chunks(chunk_size)
+            .zip(bounds)
+            .map(|(chunk, bound)| BinaryString::to_real_internal(chunk.iter(), chunk_size, bound.min, bound.max))
+            .collect::<Vec<f64>>())
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for BinaryString {
+    type Err = String;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let binary_vec: Vec<i8> = s
+            .chars()
+            // skip spaces
+            .filter(|c| *c != ' ')
+            // Map ones and zeros
+            .map(|c| match c {
+                '0' => Ok(0),
+                '1' => Ok(1),
+                _ => Err(format!("Invalid binary character: {}", c)),
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<i8>, Self::Err>>()?;
+
+        Ok(BinaryString::new(binary_vec))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a BinaryString {
+    type Item = &'a i8;
+    type IntoIter = std::slice::Iter<'a, i8>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.vec.iter()
+    }
+}
+
+trait FittingFunction {
+    type In;
+    type Out;
+    type Err;
+
+    fn fit(self: &Self, inp: &Self::In) -> Result<Self::Out, Self::Err>;
+}
+
+// Functions
+struct OneMax;
+impl OneMax {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        OneMax
+    }
+}
+impl FittingFunction for OneMax {
+    type In = BinaryString;
+    type Out = i32;
+    type Err = Infallible;
+
+    fn fit(self: &Self, chromosome: &BinaryString) -> Result<i32, Infallible> {
+        Ok(chromosome.into_iter()
+           .map(|x| *x as i32)
+           .sum())
+    }
+}
+struct LABS;
+
+impl LABS {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        LABS
+    }
+
+    fn Ck(k: usize, S: &Vec<i32>) -> i32 {
+        let D = S.len();
+        S.iter()
+            .take(D - k)
+            .zip(S.iter().skip(k))
+            .map(|(x, y)| x * y)
+            .sum()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FittingFunction for LABS {
+    type In = BinaryString;
+    type Out = i32;
+    type Err = Infallible;
+
+    fn fit(self: &Self, chromosome: &BinaryString) -> Result<i32, Infallible> {
+        let S: Vec<i32> = chromosome
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|c| (*c as i32) * 2 - 1)
+            .collect();
+        let D = S.len();
+
+        Ok((1..=D-1)
+           .map(|k| LABS::Ck(k, &S).pow(2))
+           .sum())
+    }
+}
+
+struct Sphere {
+    offset: Vec<f64>
+}
+
+impl Sphere {
+    pub fn new(offset: Vec<f64>) -> Self {
+        Sphere {
+            offset
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl FittingFunction for Sphere {
+    type In = Vec<f64>;
+    type Out = f64;
+    type Err = Infallible;
+
+    fn fit(self: &Self, chromosome: &Vec<f64>) -> Result<f64, Infallible> {
+        Ok(chromosome
+           .iter()
+           .zip(&self.offset)
+           .map(|(x, o)| (x - o).powi(2))
+           .sum())
+    }
+}
+
+struct Rosenbrock;
+
+impl Rosenbrock {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Rosenbrock
+    }
+}
+
+impl FittingFunction for Rosenbrock {
+    type In = Vec<f64>;
+    type Out = f64;
+    type Err = Infallible;
+
+    fn fit(self: &Self, inp: &Vec<f64>) -> Result<f64, Infallible> {
+        Ok(inp.windows(2)
+           .map(|xs| 100.0 * (xs[1] - xs[0].powi(2)).powi(2) + (1.0 - xs[0]).powi(2))
+           .sum())
+    }
+}
+
+struct BinaryFittingWrapper<TFitting> {
+    bounds: Vec<Bounds>,
+    fitting_function: TFitting,
+}
+
+impl<TFitting> BinaryFittingWrapper<TFitting> {
+    pub fn new(fitting_function: TFitting, bounds: Vec<Bounds>) -> Self {
+        BinaryFittingWrapper {
+            fitting_function,
+            bounds,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<TFitting> FittingFunction for BinaryFittingWrapper<TFitting>
+where
+    TFitting: FittingFunction<In = Vec<f64>, Out = f64, Err = Infallible>
+{
+    type In = BinaryString;
+    type Out = f64;
+    type Err = BinaryStringConversionError;
+
+    fn fit(self: &Self, inp: &BinaryString) -> Result<f64, BinaryStringConversionError> {
+        Ok(self.fitting_function.fit(&inp.to_real(&self.bounds)?).unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+struct LocalSearchCandidate<T>
+    where T: Clone
+{
+    fit: T,
+    pos: BinaryString,
+    cycle: usize
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+struct LocalSearchResult<T>
+    where T: Clone
+{
+    best_candidate: LocalSearchCandidate<T>,
+
+    // How many cycles there were
+    cycles: usize,
+
+    // statistics
+    best_candidates: Vec<LocalSearchCandidate<T>>
+}
+
+trait TerminatingCondition<T>
+    where T: Clone
+{
+    fn should_terminate(
+        self: &mut Self,
+        candidate: &LocalSearchCandidate<T>,
+        stats: &Vec<LocalSearchCandidate<T>>,
+        cycle: usize
+    ) -> bool;
+}
+
+struct EqualTerminatingCondition {
+    target: BinaryString
+}
+
+impl EqualTerminatingCondition {
+    pub fn new(target: BinaryString) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            target
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> TerminatingCondition<T> for EqualTerminatingCondition {
+    fn should_terminate(
+        self: &mut Self,
+        candidate: &LocalSearchCandidate<T>,
+        _: &Vec<LocalSearchCandidate<T>>,
+        _: usize
+    ) -> bool {
+        candidate.pos == self.target
+    }
+}
+
+struct NoMatchForTerminatingCondition {
+    cycles: usize
+}
+
+impl NoMatchForTerminatingCondition {
+    pub fn new(cycles: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            cycles
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> TerminatingCondition<T> for NoMatchForTerminatingCondition {
+    fn should_terminate (
+        self: &mut Self,
+        candidate: &LocalSearchCandidate<T>,
+        stats: &Vec<LocalSearchCandidate<T>>,
+        cycle: usize
+    ) -> bool {
+        (cycle - candidate.cycle) > self.cycles
+    }
+}
+
+trait PerturbationOperator {
+    type Chromosome;
+
+    fn perturb(self: &mut Self, chromosome: &Self::Chromosome) -> Self::Chromosome;
+}
+
+struct BinaryStringBitPerturbation<TRng: Rng> {
+    rng: TRng,
+    p: f64,
+}
+
+impl BinaryStringBitPerturbation<rand::rngs::ThreadRng> {
+    pub fn new(p: f64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rng: rand::rng(),
+            p
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<TRng: Rng> PerturbationOperator for BinaryStringBitPerturbation<TRng> {
+    type Chromosome = BinaryString;
+
+    fn perturb(self: &mut Self, chromosome: &Self::Chromosome) -> Self::Chromosome {
+        chromosome.perturb(&mut self.rng, self.p)
+    }
+}
+
+trait BetterThanOperator<T> {
+    fn better_than(self: &Self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool;
+}
+
+struct DefaultBetterThan;
+impl DefaultBetterThan {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> BetterThanOperator<T> for DefaultBetterThan
+    where T: PartialOrd
+{
+    fn better_than(self: &Self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool {
+        a < b
+    }
+}
+
+fn local_search_first_improving<
+        T, TErr, TFit, TTerminatingCondition, TPerturbationOperator, TBetterThanOperator>(
+    fit: &TFit,
+    terminating_condition: &mut TTerminatingCondition,
+    perturbation_operator: &mut TPerturbationOperator,
+    better_than_operator: &TBetterThanOperator,
+    initial: &BinaryString
+) -> Result<LocalSearchResult<T>, TErr>
+where
+    T: Clone,
+    TFit: FittingFunction<In = BinaryString, Out = T, Err = TErr>,
+    TTerminatingCondition: TerminatingCondition<T>,
+    TPerturbationOperator: PerturbationOperator<Chromosome = BinaryString>,
+    TBetterThanOperator: BetterThanOperator<T>,
+{
+    let mut best_candidate = LocalSearchCandidate {
+        pos: initial.clone(),
+        fit: fit.fit(&initial)?,
+        cycle: 0
+    };
+
+    let mut stats: Vec<LocalSearchCandidate<T>> = vec![];
+    let mut cycle: usize = 0;
+
+    while !terminating_condition.should_terminate(&best_candidate, &stats, cycle) {
+        let perturbed = perturbation_operator.perturb(&best_candidate.pos);
+        let perturbed_fit = fit.fit(&perturbed)?;
+
+        // Minimize
+        if better_than_operator.better_than(&perturbed_fit, &best_candidate.fit) {
+            best_candidate = LocalSearchCandidate {
+                pos: perturbed.clone(),
+                fit: perturbed_fit,
+                cycle
+            };
+
+            stats.push(best_candidate.clone());
+        }
+
+        cycle += 1;
+    }
+
+    Ok(LocalSearchResult {
+        best_candidate,
+        best_candidates: stats,
+        cycles: cycle
+    })
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_local_search_one_max() {
+    let one_max = OneMax::new();
+    let optimum = BinaryString::new(vec![0; 10]);
+
+    let result = local_search_first_improving(
+        &one_max,
+        &mut EqualTerminatingCondition::new(optimum.clone()),
+        &mut BinaryStringBitPerturbation::new(0.3),
+        &DefaultBetterThan::new(),
+        &BinaryString::new(vec![1; 10]),
+    ).unwrap();
+
+    println!("{:?}", result);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.best_candidate.fit,
+        0
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.best_candidate.pos,
+        optimum
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_local_search_sphere() {
+    let optimum = BinaryString::new(vec![0, 0, 1, 0, 0,
+                                         0, 0, 1, 0, 0]);
+    let bounds = vec![Bounds::new(0.0, 31.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 31.0)];
+    let optimum_real = optimum.to_real(&bounds).unwrap();
+    let sphere = Sphere::new(optimum_real);
+    let sphere_wrapped = BinaryFittingWrapper::new(sphere, bounds);
+
+    let result = local_search_first_improving(
+        &sphere_wrapped,
+        &mut EqualTerminatingCondition::new(optimum.clone()),
+        &mut BinaryStringBitPerturbation::new(0.3),
+        &DefaultBetterThan::new(),
+        &BinaryString::new(vec![1; 10]),
+    ).unwrap();
+
+    println!("{:?}", result);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.best_candidate.fit,
+        0.0
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        result.best_candidate.pos,
+        optimum
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_perturb() {
+    let mut rng = rand::rng();
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        BinaryString::new(vec![1, 1, 0, 0])
+            .perturb(&mut rng, 1.0)
+            .vec,
+        vec![0, 0, 1, 1]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        BinaryString::new(vec![1, 1, 0, 0])
+            .perturb(&mut rng, 0.0)
+            .vec,
+        vec![1, 1, 0, 0]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_single() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        BinaryString::new(vec![1])
+            .to_real_single(0.0, 32.0),
+        32.0
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BinaryString::new(vec![1, 1])
+            .to_real_single(0.0, 32.0),
+        32.0
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BinaryString::new(vec![0, 1])
+            .to_real_single(0.0, 32.0),
+        32.0 / 3.0
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BinaryString::new(vec![0, 0])
+            .to_real_single(-16.0, 16.0),
+        -16.0
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BinaryString::new(vec![0, 0, 0, 0, 1])
+            .to_real_single(0.0, 31.0),
+        1.0
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BinaryString::new(vec![1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
+            .to_real_single(0.0, 31.0),
+        31.0
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        BinaryString::new(vec![0, 0, 0, 1, 0])
+            .to_real_single(0.0, 31.0),
+        2.0
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        BinaryString::new(vec![1; 512])
+            .to_real_single(0.0, 31.0),
+        31.0
+    );
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+struct DataArrOfReals {
+    vec: Vec<f64>,
+    valid: bool
+}
+
+impl FromStr for DataArrOfReals {
+    type Err = <f64 as FromStr>::Err;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        // TODO: maybe better handling, as an error?
+        // this would mean also reimplementing load_test_file to be able to supply
+        // out the error, but only for the output...
+        if !s.starts_with('[') {
+            return Ok(
+                DataArrOfReals {
+                    valid: false,
+                    vec: vec![]
+                }
+            )
+        }
+
+        let trimmed = &s[1..s.len()-1];
+
+        Ok(DataArrOfReals {
+            valid: true,
+            vec: trimmed.split(',')
+                .map(|x| x.trim().parse::<f64>())
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<f64>, _>>()?
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn test_binary_string_to_real(file_name: &str, bounds: Vec<Bounds>) {
+    let data = load_test_file::<i8, DataArrOfReals>(file_name);
+
+    for test in data {
+        let res = BinaryString::new(test.inp)
+                .to_real(&bounds);
+        if !test.out.valid {
+            assert_eq!(
+                res,
+                Err(BinaryStringConversionError::DimensionMismatch)
+            );
+        }
+        else {
+          assert_eq!(
+              res.unwrap(),
+              test.out.vec
+          );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_1D_1() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_1D_1.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_1D_2() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_1D_2.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(0.0, 4095.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_1D_3() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_1D_3.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(-5.0, 5.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_2D_1() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_2D_1.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_2D_2() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_2D_2.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(0.0, 63.0), Bounds::new(-32.0, 31.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_2D_3() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_2D_3.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(-5.0, 5.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 10.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_3D_1() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_3D_1.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_3D_2() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_3D_2.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(0.0, 15.0), Bounds::new(-8.0, 7.0), Bounds::new(-8.0, 8.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_4D_1() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_4D_1.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_4D_2() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_4D_2.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(0.0, 7.0), Bounds::new(-4.0, 3.0), Bounds::new(-4.0, 4.0), Bounds::new(-8.0, 0.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_6D_1() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_6D_1.txt",
+        vec![Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0), Bounds::new(0.0, 1.0)]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_binary_string_to_real_6D_2() {
+    test_binary_string_to_real(
+        "tests/Bin2Real_6D_2.txt",
+        (0..=5).map(|x| Bounds::new(x as f64, (2 * (x + 1)) as f64)).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_one_max() {
+    let data = load_test_file::<i8, i32>("tests/onemax.txt");
+
+    for test in data {
+        assert_eq!(
+            OneMax::new().fit(&BinaryString::new(test.inp)).unwrap(),
+            test.out
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_LABS() {
+    let data = load_test_file::<i8, i32>("tests/labs.txt");
+
+    for test in data {
+        println!("Test vector {}", test.inp.iter()
+            .map(|x| x.to_string())
+            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+            .join(", "));
+        assert_eq!(
+            LABS::new().fit(&BinaryString::new(test.inp)).unwrap(),
+            test.out
+        )
+     }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_sphere() {
+    let data = load_test_file::<f64, f64>("tests/sphere.txt");
+
+    for test in data {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Sphere::new(vec![1.0; 10]).fit(&test.inp).unwrap(),
+            test.out
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rosenbrock() {
+    let data = load_test_file::<f64, f64>("tests/rosenbrock.txt");
+
+    for test in data {
+        assert_eq!(
+            Rosenbrock::new().fit(&test.inp).unwrap(),
+            test.out
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+// Test infra
+struct TestVector<TIn, TOut> {
+    inp: Vec<TIn>,
+    out: TOut
+}
+
+fn load_test_file<TIn, TOut>(file: &str) -> Vec<TestVector::<TIn, TOut>>
+where
+  TIn : FromStr + Debug,
+  TIn::Err: Debug,
+  TOut : FromStr + Debug,
+  TOut::Err: Debug,
+{
+    let mut vectors: Vec<TestVector::<TIn, TOut>> = vec![];
+
+    let file = File::open(file).expect("Could not read test data!");
+    let reader = BufReader::new(file);
+
+    for (_, line) in reader.lines().enumerate() {
+        let line = line.expect("Could not read a line!");
+
+        if line.starts_with('#') || line.len() == 0 {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let (inp_str, out_str) = line.split_once(":").unwrap();
+
+        let out: TOut = out_str.trim().parse::<TOut>().unwrap();
+        let inp: Vec<TIn> = inp_str.split(' ')
+            .filter(|num| num.len() > 0)
+            .map(|num| num.trim().parse().unwrap())
+            .collect();
+
+        vectors.push(TestVector::<TIn, TOut> {
+            inp,
+            out
+        });
+    }
+
+    vectors
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("Hello, world! {}", add(1, 2));
+}
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_1.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..792bcd629fabec6aa0c821d3d2291bf968d842b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 1D, interval (0, 1)
+0 : [0.0]
+1 : [1.0]
+0 0 : [0.0]
+0 1 : [0.3333333333333333]
+1 0 : [0.6666666666666666]
+1 1 : [1.0]
+0 0 0 : [0.0]
+0 0 1 : [0.14285714285714285]
+0 1 0 : [0.2857142857142857]
+0 1 1 : [0.42857142857142855]
+1 0 0 : [0.5714285714285714]
+1 0 1 : [0.7142857142857143]
+1 1 0 : [0.8571428571428571]
+1 1 1 : [1.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [1.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0002442002442002442]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.4998778998778999]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.5001221001221001]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [0.9997557997557998]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.015873015873015872]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.49206349206349204]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.5079365079365079]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [0.9841269841269841]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [0.06666666666666667]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [0.4666666666666667]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [0.5333333333333333]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [0.9333333333333333]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [0.14285714285714285]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [0.42857142857142855]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [0.5714285714285714]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [0.8571428571428571]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [0.3333333333333333]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [0.6666666666666666]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_2.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc10e48ebf5a53200555d0672ae297ac8578f47b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 1D, interval (0, 4095)
+0 : [0.0]
+1 : [4095.0]
+0 0 : [0.0]
+0 1 : [1365.0]
+1 0 : [2730.0]
+1 1 : [4095.0]
+0 0 0 : [0.0]
+0 0 1 : [585.0]
+0 1 0 : [1170.0]
+0 1 1 : [1755.0]
+1 0 0 : [2340.0]
+1 0 1 : [2925.0]
+1 1 0 : [3510.0]
+1 1 1 : [4095.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [4095.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [1.0]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [2047.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [2048.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [4094.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [65.0]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [2015.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [2080.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [4030.0]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [273.0]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [1911.0]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [2184.0]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [3822.0]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [585.0]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [1755.0]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [2340.0]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [3510.0]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [1365.0]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [2730.0]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_3.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f20bea959932932373e53818e6d7bc2a81e8355
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_1D_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 1D, interval (-5, 5)
+0 : [-5.0]
+1 : [5.0]
+0 0 : [-5.0]
+0 1 : [-1.6666666666666665]
+1 0 : [1.666666666666667]
+1 1 : [5.0]
+0 0 0 : [-5.0]
+0 0 1 : [-3.571428571428571]
+0 1 0 : [-2.142857142857143]
+0 1 1 : [-0.7142857142857144]
+1 0 0 : [0.7142857142857144]
+1 0 1 : [2.1428571428571432]
+1 1 0 : [3.571428571428571]
+1 1 1 : [5.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [-5.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [5.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [-4.997557997557998]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [-0.0012210012210012167]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0012210012210012167]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [4.997557997557998]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [-4.841269841269841]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [-0.07936507936507908]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.07936507936507908]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [4.841269841269842]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [-4.333333333333333]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [-0.33333333333333304]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [0.33333333333333304]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [4.333333333333334]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [-3.571428571428571]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [-0.7142857142857144]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [0.7142857142857144]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [3.571428571428571]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [-1.6666666666666665]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [1.666666666666667]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_1.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af174f8144447483f72b2f965cfca74ae92f8576
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 2D, interval from (0,0) to (1,1)
+0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 : [0.0, 0.0]
+0 1 : [0.0, 1.0]
+1 0 : [1.0, 0.0]
+1 1 : [1.0, 1.0]
+0 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [1.0, 1.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.015873015873015872]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.49206349206349204, 1.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.5079365079365079, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [1.0, 0.9841269841269841]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.015873015873015872, 0.015873015873015872]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.49206349206349204, 0.49206349206349204]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.5079365079365079, 0.5079365079365079]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [0.9841269841269841, 0.9841269841269841]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [0.06349206349206349, 0.2698412698412698]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [0.4603174603174603, 0.873015873015873]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [0.5396825396825397, 0.12698412698412698]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [0.9365079365079365, 0.7301587301587301]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [0.14285714285714285, 0.14285714285714285]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [0.42857142857142855, 0.42857142857142855]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [0.5714285714285714, 0.5714285714285714]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [0.8571428571428571, 0.8571428571428571]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [0.3333333333333333, 0.3333333333333333]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [0.6666666666666666, 0.6666666666666666]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_2.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46932c06d9b6a90ab6ffaf7bb80d5e3a9c6f92f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 2D, interval from (0,-32) to (63,31)
+0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 : [0.0, -32.0]
+0 1 : [0.0, 31.0]
+1 0 : [63.0, -32.0]
+1 1 : [63.0, 31.0]
+0 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0, -32.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [63.0, 31.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, -31.0]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [31.0, 31.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [32.0, -32.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [63.0, 30.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [1.0, -31.0]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [31.0, -1.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [32.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [62.0, 30.0]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [4.0, -15.0]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [29.0, 23.0]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [34.0, -24.0]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [59.0, 14.0]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [9.0, -23.0]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [27.0, -5.0]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [36.0, 4.0]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [54.0, 22.0]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [21.0, -11.0]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [42.0, 10.0]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_3.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acb0df054a28cdcd78a930d8bb850d39b99c14f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_2D_3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 2D, interval from (-5,0) to (5,10)
+0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 : [-5.0, 0.0]
+0 1 : [-5.0, 10.0]
+1 0 : [5.0, 0.0]
+1 1 : [5.0, 10.0]
+0 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [-5.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [5.0, 10.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [-5.0, 0.15873015873015872]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [-0.07936507936507908, 10.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.07936507936507908, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [5.0, 9.841269841269842]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [-4.841269841269841, 0.15873015873015872]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [-0.07936507936507908, 4.920634920634921]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.07936507936507908, 5.079365079365079]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [4.841269841269842, 9.841269841269842]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [-4.365079365079366, 2.6984126984126986]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [-0.3968253968253972, 8.73015873015873]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [0.3968253968253972, 1.2698412698412698]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [4.365079365079366, 7.301587301587301]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [-3.571428571428571, 1.4285714285714286]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [-0.7142857142857144, 4.285714285714286]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [0.7142857142857144, 5.714285714285714]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [3.571428571428571, 8.571428571428571]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [-1.6666666666666665, 3.3333333333333335]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [1.666666666666667, 6.666666666666667]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_3D_1.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_3D_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6f9bdcb1eaece23d89ce13e2d33b71abefad7c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_3D_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 2D, interval from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1)
+0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 : [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]
+0 1 0 : [0.0, 1.0, 0.0]
+0 1 1 : [0.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+1 0 0 : [1.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+1 0 1 : [1.0, 0.0, 1.0]
+1 1 0 : [1.0, 1.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 : [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.0, 0.06666666666666667]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.4666666666666667, 1.0, 1.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.5333333333333333, 0.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [1.0, 1.0, 0.9333333333333333]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.26666666666666666, 0.06666666666666667]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.4666666666666667, 0.8666666666666667, 1.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.5333333333333333, 0.13333333333333333, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [1.0, 0.7333333333333333, 0.9333333333333333]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [0.06666666666666667, 0.06666666666666667, 0.06666666666666667]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [0.4666666666666667, 0.4666666666666667, 0.4666666666666667]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [0.5333333333333333, 0.5333333333333333, 0.5333333333333333]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [0.9333333333333333, 0.9333333333333333, 0.9333333333333333]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [0.13333333333333333, 0.26666666666666666, 0.6]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [0.4, 0.8666666666666667, 0.7333333333333333]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [0.6, 0.13333333333333333, 0.26666666666666666]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [0.8666666666666667, 0.7333333333333333, 0.4]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [0.3333333333333333, 0.3333333333333333, 0.3333333333333333]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [0.6666666666666666, 0.6666666666666666, 0.6666666666666666]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_3D_2.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_3D_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09845586e8d1c594f5053623438065a0499fcac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_3D_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 2D, interval from (0,-8,-8) to (15,7,8)
+0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 : [0.0, -8.0, -8.0]
+0 0 1 : [0.0, -8.0, 8.0]
+0 1 0 : [0.0, 7.0, -8.0]
+0 1 1 : [0.0, 7.0, 8.0]
+1 0 0 : [15.0, -8.0, -8.0]
+1 0 1 : [15.0, -8.0, 8.0]
+1 1 0 : [15.0, 7.0, -8.0]
+1 1 1 : [15.0, 7.0, 8.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0, -8.0, -8.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [15.0, 7.0, 8.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, -8.0, -6.933333333333334]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [7.0, 7.0, 8.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [8.0, -8.0, -8.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [15.0, 7.0, 6.933333333333334]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, -4.0, -6.933333333333334]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [7.0, 5.0, 8.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [8.0, -6.0, -8.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [15.0, 3.0, 6.933333333333334]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [1.0, -7.0, -6.933333333333334]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [7.0, -1.0, -0.5333333333333332]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [8.0, 0.0, 0.5333333333333332]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [14.0, 6.0, 6.933333333333334]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [2.0, -4.0, 1.5999999999999996]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [6.0, 5.0, 3.7333333333333325]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [9.0, -6.0, -3.7333333333333334]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [13.0, 3.0, -1.5999999999999996]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [5.0, -3.0, -2.666666666666667]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [10.0, 2.0, 2.666666666666666]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_4D_1.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_4D_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fbb43ec3139e71d3ffc7b9059b5581de96bd322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_4D_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 2D, interval from (0,0,0,0) to (1,1,1,1)
+0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.14285714285714285]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.42857142857142855, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.5714285714285714, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.8571428571428571]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.14285714285714285, 0.0, 0.14285714285714285]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.42857142857142855, 1.0, 0.42857142857142855, 1.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.5714285714285714, 0.0, 0.5714285714285714, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [1.0, 0.8571428571428571, 1.0, 0.8571428571428571]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.5714285714285714, 0.2857142857142857, 0.14285714285714285]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [0.42857142857142855, 0.7142857142857143, 0.8571428571428571, 1.0]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [0.5714285714285714, 0.2857142857142857, 0.14285714285714285, 0.0]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [1.0, 0.42857142857142855, 0.7142857142857143, 0.8571428571428571]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [0.14285714285714285, 0.14285714285714285, 0.14285714285714285, 0.14285714285714285]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [0.42857142857142855, 0.42857142857142855, 0.42857142857142855, 0.42857142857142855]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [0.5714285714285714, 0.5714285714285714, 0.5714285714285714, 0.5714285714285714]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [0.8571428571428571, 0.8571428571428571, 0.8571428571428571, 0.8571428571428571]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [0.2857142857142857, 0.7142857142857143, 0.2857142857142857, 0.7142857142857143]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [0.7142857142857143, 0.2857142857142857, 0.7142857142857143, 0.2857142857142857]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_4D_2.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_4D_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b305b14f9b8e2e328def3d0db40648bf4fd4b331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_4D_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 2D, interval from (0,-4,-4,-8) to (7,3,4,0)
+0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0, -4.0, -4.0, -8.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [7.0, 3.0, 4.0, 0.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, -4.0, -4.0, -6.857142857142858]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 0.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [4.0, -4.0, -4.0, -8.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [7.0, 3.0, 4.0, -1.1428571428571432]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, -3.0, -4.0, -6.857142857142858]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [3.0, 3.0, -0.5714285714285716, 0.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [4.0, -4.0, 0.5714285714285712, -8.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [7.0, 2.0, 4.0, -1.1428571428571432]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.0, -1.7142857142857144, -6.857142857142858]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [3.0, 1.0, 2.8571428571428568, 0.0]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [4.0, -2.0, -2.857142857142857, -8.0]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [7.0, -1.0, 1.7142857142857144, -1.1428571428571432]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [1.0, -3.0, -2.857142857142857, -6.857142857142858]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [3.0, -1.0, -0.5714285714285716, -4.571428571428571]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [4.0, 0.0, 0.5714285714285712, -3.428571428571429]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [6.0, 2.0, 2.8571428571428568, -1.1428571428571432]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [2.0, 1.0, -1.7142857142857144, -2.2857142857142856]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [5.0, -2.0, 1.7142857142857144, -5.714285714285714]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_6D_1.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_6D_1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d1be646ccc297b08a70256d9194a12507f13938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_6D_1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 2D, interval from (0,0,0,0,0,0) to (1,1,1,1,1,1)
+0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.3333333333333333]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.3333333333333333, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.6666666666666666, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.6666666666666666]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.0, 0.3333333333333333, 0.0, 0.0, 0.3333333333333333]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.3333333333333333, 1.0, 1.0, 0.3333333333333333, 1.0, 1.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.6666666666666666, 0.0, 0.0, 0.6666666666666666, 0.0, 0.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [1.0, 1.0, 0.6666666666666666, 1.0, 1.0, 0.6666666666666666]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.3333333333333333, 0.0, 0.3333333333333333, 0.0, 0.3333333333333333]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [0.3333333333333333, 1.0, 0.3333333333333333, 1.0, 0.3333333333333333, 1.0]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [0.6666666666666666, 0.0, 0.6666666666666666, 0.0, 0.6666666666666666, 0.0]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [1.0, 0.6666666666666666, 1.0, 0.6666666666666666, 1.0, 0.6666666666666666]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [0.0, 0.6666666666666666, 0.3333333333333333, 0.0, 0.6666666666666666, 0.3333333333333333]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [0.3333333333333333, 0.6666666666666666, 1.0, 0.3333333333333333, 0.6666666666666666, 1.0]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [0.6666666666666666, 0.3333333333333333, 0.0, 0.6666666666666666, 0.3333333333333333, 0.0]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [1.0, 0.3333333333333333, 0.6666666666666666, 1.0, 0.3333333333333333, 0.6666666666666666]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [0.3333333333333333, 0.3333333333333333, 0.3333333333333333, 0.3333333333333333, 0.3333333333333333, 0.3333333333333333]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [0.6666666666666666, 0.6666666666666666, 0.6666666666666666, 0.6666666666666666, 0.6666666666666666, 0.6666666666666666]
diff --git a/env/tests/Bin2Real_6D_2.txt b/env/tests/Bin2Real_6D_2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..794ca679c9a003c43da5b0c28bbdab905b603094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/Bin2Real_6D_2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Binary to real test data, 2D, interval from (0,1,2,3,4,5) to (2,4,6,8,10,12)
+0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 0 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 0 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+1 1 1 : The binary vector length is not divisible by the dimensionality of the target vector space.
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0]
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 7.333333333333334]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.6666666666666666, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : [1.3333333333333333, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 9.666666666666668]
+0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 1.0, 3.333333333333333, 3.0, 4.0, 7.333333333333334]
+0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 : [0.6666666666666666, 4.0, 6.0, 4.666666666666667, 10.0, 12.0]
+1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 : [1.3333333333333333, 1.0, 2.0, 6.333333333333334, 4.0, 5.0]
+1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 : [2.0, 4.0, 4.666666666666666, 8.0, 10.0, 9.666666666666668]
+0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 : [0.0, 2.0, 2.0, 4.666666666666667, 4.0, 7.333333333333334]
+0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 : [0.6666666666666666, 4.0, 3.333333333333333, 8.0, 6.0, 12.0]
+1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : [1.3333333333333333, 1.0, 4.666666666666666, 3.0, 8.0, 5.0]
+1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 : [2.0, 3.0, 6.0, 6.333333333333334, 10.0, 9.666666666666668]
+0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 : [0.0, 3.0, 3.333333333333333, 3.0, 8.0, 7.333333333333334]
+0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 : [0.6666666666666666, 3.0, 6.0, 4.666666666666667, 8.0, 12.0]
+1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 : [1.3333333333333333, 2.0, 2.0, 6.333333333333334, 6.0, 5.0]
+1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 : [2.0, 2.0, 4.666666666666666, 8.0, 6.0, 9.666666666666668]
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : [0.6666666666666666, 2.0, 3.333333333333333, 4.666666666666667, 6.0, 7.333333333333334]
+1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : [1.3333333333333333, 3.0, 4.666666666666666, 6.333333333333334, 8.0, 9.666666666666668]
diff --git a/env/tests/labs.txt b/env/tests/labs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91b81cfa3b6cbbd9d01fdb7a19469b6230e15259
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/labs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Test data for LABS function
+0 : 0
+1 : 0
+0 0 : 1
+0 1 : 1
+1 0 : 1
+1 1 : 1
+0 0 0 : 5
+0 0 1 : 1
+0 1 0 : 5
+0 1 1 : 1
+1 0 0 : 1
+1 0 1 : 5
+1 1 0 : 1
+1 1 1 : 5
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 285
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : 285
+0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 : 125
+1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 : 125
+0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 : 125
+1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 : 125
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 285
diff --git a/env/tests/onemax.txt b/env/tests/onemax.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c77ef997b413da62486c17fb491789b5c2fe99f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/onemax.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Test data for OneMax function
+0 : 0
+1 : 1
+0 0 : 0
+0 1 : 1
+1 0 : 1
+1 1 : 2
+0 0 0 : 0
+0 0 1 : 1
+0 1 0 : 1
+0 1 1 : 2
+1 0 0 : 1
+1 0 1 : 2
+1 1 0 : 2
+1 1 1 : 3
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0
+0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 : 5
+0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 : 4
+1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 : 6
+0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 : 5
+1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 : 5
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 10
diff --git a/env/tests/rosenbrock.txt b/env/tests/rosenbrock.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a721fc5ba95345720cf734ada79655674d5db662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/rosenbrock.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Test data for Rosenbrock function. Function is not defined for 1D vectors; here it produces 0. 
+0 : 0
+0.5 : 0
+1 : 0
+-0.5 : 0
+-5 : 0
+5 : 0
+0 0 : 1
+-1 -1 : 404
+-1 1 : 4
+1 -1 : 400
+1 1 : 0
+-0.1 -0.2 : 5.620000000000001
+0.1 0.2 : 4.42
+-5 -5 : 90036
+-5 5 : 40036
+5 -5 : 90016
+5 5 : 40016
+0 0 0 : 2
+1 1 1 : 0
+-5 -5 -5 : 180072
+-5 -5 5 : 130072
+-5 5 -5 : 130052
+-5 5 5 : 80052
+5 -5 -5 : 180052
+5 -5 5 : 130052
+5 5 -5 : 130032
+5 5 5 : 80032
+-0.1 -1.2 -2.3 -3.4 -4.5 -5.6 -6.7 -7.8 -8.9 -9.1 : 1790768.58
+0.1 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6 6.7 7.8 8.9 9.1 : 986898.1800000002
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 9
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 0
diff --git a/env/tests/sphere.txt b/env/tests/sphere.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bee83067698d78427e87c3100a395c69797e3aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env/tests/sphere.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Test data for Sphere function, with offset = (1,1,...,1)
+0 : 1
+0.5 : 0.25
+1 : 0
+-0.5 : 2.25
+-5 : 36
+5 : 16
+0 0 : 2
+-1 -1 : 8
+-1 1 : 4
+1 -1 : 4
+1 1 : 0
+-0.1 -0.2 : 2.6500000000000004
+0.1 0.2 : 1.4500000000000002
+-5 -5 : 72
+-5 5 : 52
+5 -5 : 52
+5 5 : 32
+0 0 0 : 3
+1 1 1 : 0
+-5 -5 -5 : 108
+-5 -5 5 : 88
+-5 5 -5 : 88
+-5 5 5 : 68
+5 -5 -5 : 88
+5 -5 5 : 68
+5 5 -5 : 68
+5 5 5 : 48
+-0.1 -1.2 -2.3 -3.4 -4.5 -5.6 -6.7 -7.8 -8.9 -9.1 : 446.85999999999996
+0.1 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6 6.7 7.8 8.9 9.1 : 248.45999999999998
+0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 10
+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 0
diff --git a/manifest.scm b/manifest.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1166f5c80dc6d50a659f37709a76b1ca829369a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/manifest.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+(specifications->manifest
+ (list
+  "gdb"
+  "gcc-toolchain"
+  "julia"
+  "rust"
+  "rust-analyzer"
+  "rust:cargo"))